Introduction and Foundations: Modeling and mathematical tools algebra sets proof techniques
Functions: Definition properties common functions time-dependent functions implicit functions
Matrix Notation and Algebra: Vectors matrices operations eigenvalues quadratic forms
Random Variables: Probability discrete and continuous variables density and distribution functions moments multivariate variables correlation
Systems of Equations: Solving linear and nonlinear equations analytical solutions numerical methods
Calculus: Derivatives differentiability Taylor series integrals numerical methods
Optimization: Modeling typology solution methods complementarity numerical techniques
Estimation: Research questions data sampling representativeness methods quality and asymptotic behavior
Forecasting: Inferential vs. predictive data analysis forecasting methods evaluation and validation
Statistical Inference: Model selection interpretability validation hypothesis testing